Development of Electromagnetic technology began with .... electr gener

His demonstration that a changing magnetic field induces an in a nearby circuit showed that mechanical can be converted to electric energy. It provided the foundation for generation, leading directly to the invention of the and the electric motor. The early electric was dominated by the problem of generating electricity on a large scale. Permanent magnets were used to produce the magnetic field in generators until the principle of the was discovered in 1866. (A self-excited generator has stronger magnetic fields because it uses electromagnets powered by the generator itself.) In 1870 , a Belgian manufacturer, built the first practical generator capable of producing a continuous current. Since then, the filament lamp, introduced during the early 1900s, has become the principal form of electric lamp, though more efficient fluorescent gas discharge lamps have found widespread use as well. Electricity took on a new importance with the development of the . Tesla began producing h! is motors in association with the Westinghouse Electric Company a few years after DC motors had been installed in trains in Germany and Ireland. Telephone transmissions by radio waves, the electric recording and reproduction of sound, and television were made possible by the development of the tube. The first telephone transmission via radio signals was made from Arlington, Va., to the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1915; and a commercial radio telephone service between New York City and London was begun in 1927. electr gener

Although the terrestrial and marine carnivores are grouped together in the following classification, m.... usual absent;

Four tooth types are indicated in the following manner: Medium- to large-sized terrestrial or aquatic meat eaters distributed worldwide; composed of 10 extant families, about 115 living genera, and 274 living species. Suborder Terrestrial (except otters and polar bear); usually 3 pairs of incisors above and below, adapted for biting off flesh; premolars vary in number from the usual 4 on each half of each jaw (4/4) to 4 above and 2 below (4/2); molars vary from 2/3 to 1/2; carnassial teeth well developed and formed by the 4th upper premolar and 1st lower molar; usual dental for mula: 3 . 2 = 42 teeth; all-inclusive dental formula: (23) . (14) = 2850 teeth; facial part of skull usually elongate; tympanic bullae large; alisphenoid canal (a perforation in the skull for a branch of the carotid artery) usually present; lacrimal duct present; pelvis at distinct angle from vertebral column; femur (thigh bone) straight, moderately slender, with small head; fibula (minor lower bone o! f hindlimb) much smaller than tibia (shinbone); 1st metatarsal and bones of phalanges with epiphyses only at proximal ends; metapodials never elongate; vertebrae with interlocking processes; external ears (pinnae) well developed; intestine short (6 to 8 times length of body in dog); kidneys simple, not lobulate except in otters and young bears. (cats, civets, and hyenas) Tympanic bullae divided, composed of external tympanic and internal endotympanic bones; paroccipital process in close contact with bullae; most have retractile or semiretractile claws; cecum small; baculum (bone of penis) present or absent; usually polyestrous; upper Eocene to Recent; 42 living genera and 115 species. Well-developed carnassials; upper carnassials usually lack an anterior lobe and the lower carnassials have a well-developed talonid process; middle incisor on each side located farther inward than the outer 2; incisors broad; 4 small premolars, with 1st minute or absent; molars 2/2 or in some ! cases 1/2 ( Prionodon ), 2/1 ( Salanoia ), or 1/1 ( Cryptoproc! ta ); molars large, especially the 1st; dental formula usually 3 . Alisphenoid canal usually present (absent in Eupleres and most members of subfamily Galidiinae); entepicondylar foramen of humerus usually present; auditory bulla externally constricted and divided by septum. (true civets, genets, and linsangs) Mainly African; approximately 7 living genera and 15 species. Mainly Asian, 6 living genera and 8 species. (banded palm civets, web-footed civets) Asia or Madagascar, 5 living genera and 7 species. Restricted to Madagascar, 4 living genera and 7 species. All African, 13 living genera and approximately 37 species. Medium-sized (10 to 80 kg; 22 to 175 lb) carrion feeders; teeth specialized for crushing bones; incisors unspecialized, outer (3rd) larger than other 2; canines powerful; premolars strong and conical; molars strong and large; carnassials well developed (hyenas); long, slender canines in aardwolf ( Proteles ; see ) with small and widely spaced premolars, small! molars, and no development of carnassials. Alisphenoid canal absent; auditory bullae partially divided by a rudimentary septum in hyenas, divided in aardwolf; front legs longer than rear legs; digitigrade; 4 toes (5 on forefoot in aardwolf); claws blunt and nonretractile; entepicondylar foramen absent; baculum absent; more thoracic vertebrae (15) than any other feloid: tail of medium length (20 to 33 cm) and bushy. Africa and southwest Asia; 2 living genera, 3 species. Total number of teeth reduced from primitive carnivore condition; dental formula typically 3 . 1 = 30 teeth; alisphenoid canal absent; auditory bullae not constricted externally; posterior palatine foramina on maxillopalatine suture instead of on maxilla. Entepicondylar foramen present; baculum absent or vestigial; cecum small; tail short (lynx) to long (up to a third of total length). 2 living genera, 35 species. Cecum present or absent; baculum well developed; usually monestrous (1 litter of young per year! ). Eocene to Recent; 53 living genera and 133 species. 2 = 42; bush dog! ( Speothos ) with (12)/2 molars (1 upper molar is sometimes minute or absent) = 38 to 40 teeth; Cape fox ( Otocyon ) with (34)/(45) molars = 46 to 50 teeth. 11 living genera and approximately 37 species. 3 living monotypic genera: Cuon alpinus , Lycaon pictus , Speothos venaticus . Size medium to large (27 to 780 kg; 60 to 1700 lb); usually omnivorous; carnassials poorly developed; dental formula variable, but typically 3 . Entepicondylar foramen of humerus usually absent; lacrimal bone of skull, clavicle, and cecum absent; tail short, practically absent; ears small and rounded; lips mobile and free from gum. 6 genera and 8 living species. Size medium (0.8 to 22 kg; 1.75 to 48.4 lb); omnivorous; carnassials poorly developed; dental formula usually 3 . 2 = 40, with some variation in number of premolars (kinkajou 3/3, lesser panda 3/4); alisphenoid canal absent except in Ailurus ; legs of medium length; semiplantigrade to plantigrade; 5 flexible toes on each foot capped by n! onretractile or semiretractile claws; entepicondylar foramen sometimes present; baculum well developed and, except for Ailurus , bilobed and hooked at distal end; cecum absent; clavicle vestigial; tail long (20 to 70 cm; 7.9 to 27.6 in.), often ringed, prehensile in Potos ; ears small to medium in size and rounded. 7 living genera and approximately 14 species. Size from smallest of carnivores (35 gm; 1.2 oz) to medium; mainly carnivorous; carnassials usually well developed; dental formula usually 3 . 1 = 34 teeth but may range from 30 to 38 teeth, with variation in incisors (3/2 in sea otter), molars (1/1 in ratel and African striped weasel), but especially premolars (2/3 in the African striped weasel, 4/2 in the river otter, 4/4 in American badger); alisphenoid canal absent; legs short in relation to elongate body; plantigrade to digitigrade; 5 toes on each foot, capped with nonretractile claws; entepicondylar foramen present or absent; tail usually long (up to 1/3 of tota! l length); ears small and rounded; anal scent glands well developed. Th! ere are 3 living genera and 11 species. There are 5 living genera and 19 species. Aquatic; teeth nearly homodont (uniform) and adapted for grasping and tearing, not chewing; 2 pairs of incisors below; postcanines (premolars and molars) similar, never more than 2-rooted, and usually 5 on each jaw (varies from 3 to 7); car nassials absent; usual dental formula 2 . Tympanic bullae small in some; alisphenoid canal present or absent; lacrimal duct absent; basioccipital and sphenoid relatively large as compared with fissipeds; pelvis small and nearly parallel to vertebral column; femur broad, flattened, with globular head on short neck; fibula almost as large as tibia; metatarsals and all bones of phalanges with epiphyses at both ends of shaft; metapodials elongate; 5 well-developed digits on each limb; 1 digit on manus and 1st and 5th digits of pes usually longer than other digits; feet fully webbed; nails small to absent; baculum massive. 2 pairs of lower incisors; upper inciso! rs of 1st pair notched transversely; usually 20 to 22 postcanine teeth; dental formula 2 . There are 4 living genera and 5 species. There are 2 living genera, 7 species. External pinnae absent; postorbital process absent; alisphenoid canal present. Lower incisors absent in adult; upper canines of both sexes form tusks; usually 12 postcanine teeth; dental formula 0 . Hindlimbs useless on land (cannot be placed forward under body); nails equally well developed on all digits; external pinnae absent; postorbital process rudimentary or absent; alisphenoid canal absent; 2 to 4 lower incisors; usually 16 to 20 postcanine teeth; dental formula (12) . Northern temperate to Arctic waters; 7 living genera and 9 species. Tropical and Southern Hemisphere waters; 6 living genera and 9 species. usual absent;

missions, 1500�1950 Protestant missions emerged some 275 years after Martin Luther launched the Reformation in 151.... mission church

Their small, self-supporting communities spread from to South Africa. Similarly, in Europe these organizations were usually created geographicallysuch as the Basel (1815), Berlin (1824), and Leipzig (1836) societies. Their greatest impact was in the production of vast corps of able and educated women, especially in Asia, who played major roles in the professions and in church leadership. Nondenominational faith missions viewed J. Hudson Taylor's China Inland Mission (1865; after 1965 called the Overseas Missionary Fellowship) as the great prototype. Missions such as these often sought to work in areas unoccupied by other missionaries, guaranteed no salaries, and left financial support in God's hands; but most bodies made their financial needs known to a wide constituency. Their chief aim has been to proclaim the Gospel and eschew the provision of social services. These societies joined together in the Interdenominational Foreign Mission Association (IFMA; 1917). Since the 19! 60s they have cooperated with the Evangelical Foreign Missions Association (EFMA; 1945), the missionary arm of the National Association of Evangelicals (1943), and, at the international level, with the World Evangelical Fellowship (1952). The Vellore Medical College is a monument to the missionary physician Ida Scudder (18701959). The vast majority of Indian nurses also have been Christian. In , Dutch chaplains established churches in the 17th century. In the mid-19th century, the German enabled the of Sumatra to grow in size and commitment and to provide leadership for the nation. Other strong churches developed in various parts of predominantly Muslim Indonesia. Following the Opium War treaties of 184244 and 185860, China was opened to Westerners. The Boxer Rebellion of 18991900 brought death to thousands of Chinese Christians and several hundred missionaries. A handful of American Presbyterians and Methodists entered Korea in 1884, and the faith they planted flourished t! hrough the 20th century, despite Korea's long wartime devastat! ion. In the late 20th century, strong annual compounding growth continueda situation unique among the Asian nations. Most of these churches have remained small. mission church

Bitterns of the genus Botaurus, occurring mainly in temperate regions, are larg.... bittern (

Bitterns of the genus Botaurus, occurring mainly in temperate regions, are large, and the sexes look alike. The largest member of the genus is the Eurasian bittern ( B. The American bittern ( B. Other forms are the Australian bittern ( B. poiciloptilus ) and the South American, or pinnated, bittern ( B. minutus ), of Eurasia, Africa, and Australia; and the Chinese little, or yellow, bittern ( I. sturmii ); and, in southeastern Asia, Schrenk's little bittern ( I. bittern (

Because most of the constellations through which the ecliptic passes represent animals, the ancient Greeks called it.... constel style:

Because most of the constellations through which the ecliptic passes represent animals, the ancient Greeks called its zone zodiakos kyklos, circle of animals, or ta zodia, the little animals. The size and number of zodiacal constellations varied in antiquity and became fixed only with the development of mathematical astronomy. The list below gives the constellations of the zodiac, with the dates of the sun's passage through them in the era when their boundaries were fixed. These dates are still used for the astrological signs, though precession of the equinoxes has shifted the constellations eastward; e.g., on January 1 the direction of the sun is now in S Leo (Lion): July 23Aug. 19March 20 MLA style: "zodiac." APA style: zodiac. style: "zodiac." constel style:

Vitamin A is readily destroyed upon exposure to heat, light, or air. The vitamin, which functions directly in , is convert.... vitamin ey

Vitamin A is required by humans in very small amounts; the recommended intakes for adult men and women are 1,000 and 800 micrograms (?g; 1 ?g = 0.000001 gram), respectively, with an extra allowance for women who are pregnant or lactating. ( See .) Deficiency of vitamin A results in various disorders that most commonly involve the eye and the epithelial tissues. The mucous surfaces of the eye may become eroded in spots, allowing infection to set in, thus leading to ulceration and other destructive changes of the (the transparent outer covering of the eye) and other eye structures. Early signs of vitamin A deficiency may also be reflected in changes in the mucous membranes of the mouth, throat, and respiratory and genito-urinary passages. vitamin ey

born Jan. 28, 1884, Basel, Switz. .... switz. basel,

28, 1884, Basel, Switz. switz. basel,

The common and yellow perches are found, respectiv.... yellow perch

The common and yellow perches are found, respectively, in the fresh waters of Eurasia and North America. The common, or European, perch is greenish with dark, vertical bars on the sides and reddish or orange colouring in the lower fins. The yellow perch, native to eastern North America and introduced on the Pacific coast, is similar to the European perch but yellower in colour. ); and the white perch, a relative of the ( q.v. APA style: perch. yellow perch

The city's economy depends on agriculture (poultry, dairying), light manufactures (.... style: "neosho."

Crowder College (1964), on the site of Fort Crowder, is nearby. MLA style: "Neosho." APA style: Neosho. style: "Neosho." style: "neosho."

Most Nagas live in small villages strategically placed on hillsides and locat.... naga tribal

Tribal organization has ranged from autocracy to democracy, and power may reside in a council of elders or tribal council. As a result of missionary efforts dating to the 19th-century British occupation of the area, a sizable majority of Nagas are Christians. In response to nationalist political sentiment among the Naga tribes, the government of India created the state of Nagaland in 1961. APA style: Naga. naga tribal

After a winter near St. Louis spent in military training and in gathering.... clark lewi

Before leaving the next spring, Lewis and Clark employed a French Canadian interpreter, , who brought along his Indian wife, , and their infant son. After building Fort Clatsop, where they wintered, the explorers began their return trip the following March, traveling via the Marias and Yellowstone rivers, continuing downstream on the Missouri, and arriving amid much excitement at St. Lewis later became the governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark of the Missouri Territory. MLA style: "Lewis and Clark Expedition." APA style: Lewis and Clark Expedition. style: "Lewis and Clark Expedition." clark lewi

The term hide is used to designate the skin of larger animals ( e.g., cowhide or horsehide), whereas �skin� refers to t.... tan leather

Although the skins of such diverse animals as ostrich, lizard, eel, and kangaroo have been used, the more common leathers come from seven main groups: cattle, including calf and ox; sheep and lamb; goat and kid; equine animals, including horse, mule, and zebra; buffalo; pig and hog; and such aquatic animals as seal, walrus, whale, and alligator. The modern commercial leather-making process involves three basic phases: preparation for tanning, tanning, and processing tanned leather. A hide will begin to decompose within hours of an animal's death; to prevent this from happening, the hide is cured by a dehydrating process that involves either air-drying, wet or dry salting, or pickling with acids and salts before being shipped to a tannery. The tanning process derives its name from tannin (tannic acid), the agent that displaces water from the interstices of the hide's protein fibres and cements these fibres together. The extracted material is processed into tanning liquors, an! d the hides are soaked in vats or drums of increasingly strong liquor until they are sufficiently tanned. Mineral tanning, which uses mineral salts, produces a soft, pliable leather and is the preferred method for producing most light leathers. In mineral tanning the hides are soaked in saline baths of increasing strength or in acidic baths in which chemical reactions deposit salts in the skin fibres. Oil tanning is an old method in which fish oil or other oil and fatty substances are stocked, or pounded, into dried hide until they have replaced the natural moisture of the original skin. Oil tanning is used principally to make chamois leather, a soft, porous leather that can be repeatedly wetted and dried without damage. After the basic tanning process is completed, the pelts are ready for processing, the final phase in leather produ The leather is then dried to about 14 percent moisture, either in the air or in a drying tunnel or by first stretching the leather and then ai! r or tunnel drying it. tan leather

Hammerheads are swift, powerful sharks that may be found at sea, close to shore, or in brackish water. They feed o.... hammerhead three

Hammerheads are swift, powerful sharks that may be found at sea, close to shore, or in brackish water. Three species seem to be particularly dangerous: the great hammerhead ( Sphyrna mokarran ), growing to a maximum length of 4.5 m (15 feet) or more; the scalloped hammerhead ( S. All three are grayish and are found throughout the tropics; the smooth hammerhead, which is valued as a sport fish, also ranges into cooler waters. These three species are individually distinguished by the shape of the front edge of the head: straight, with a central notch in the great hammerhead; curved outward with a central notch in the scalloped hammerhead; and curved outward but unnotched in the smooth hammerhead. hammerhead three

genus of marine or freshwater organisms called dinoflagellates. Members of the ge.... colour bright

Gymnodinium, which may be bioluminescent, undergoes periodic blooms, or population increases, and may colour bright yellow or red. colour bright

The Gulf Stream is part of a general clockwise-rotating system of currents in .... current florida

Off the northeastern coast of South America, this current splits into the , which passes into the Caribbean Sea and through the Yucat Channel into the Gulf of Mexico, and into the , which flows to the north and east of the West Indies. The Caribbean Current reemerges into the Atlantic through the Straits of Florida between the Florida Keys and Cuba to form the Florida Current. Deflected to the northeast by the submerged southeast of the Florida Peninsula, this swift current is joined by the Antilles Current and flows roughly parallel to the eastern coast of the United States to about Cape Hatteras. The main portion of the Gulf Stream continues north, veering more to the east and passing close to the Grand Banks, south of Newfoundland, where it breaks up into swirling currents. current florida

The Hsi River itself drains an area of about 127,000 square miles (329,.... river mile

More than half of the river's basin is mountainous and lies between 9,900 and 1,650 feet (3,000 and 500 m) above sea level; more than 40 percent of the rest of the basin is occupied by hills between 330 and 1,650 feet (100 and 500 m) high. The Hsi's main headstream is generally considered to be the , which rises in the Yunnan-Kweichow plateau region at an elevation of about 6,900 feet (2,100 m) but drops a total of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) in the first 530 miles (850 km) of its course, which flows in a southeasterly direction through Yunnan province. This section of the river flows for about 400 miles (640 km) through a narrow valley with high, mountainous banks dropping down about 850 feet (260 m). This shortest section of the river is no more than 75 miles long, the river dropping about 50 feet (15 m) in this distance. For almost half its length, the Ch'ien flows through the narrow, rock-strewn Tat'eng Gorge between the cities of Wu-hsan and Kuei-p'ing, at the end of which it ! receives its major right-bank tributary, the Y River, and is then called the Hsn River. This section flows for about 120 miles (190 km) in an easterly direction, dropping a further 55 feet (17 m) and receiving the Jung River on the right bank at T'eng-hsien and the Kuei River on the left bank at Wu-chou (Ts'ang-wu) on the Kwangtung province border. Below Wu-chou, where it enters Kwangtung province, the river is known as the Hsi River. Canton lies west of the point where the Tung flows into the main channel; Hong Kong stands to the east and Macau to the west of the entrance to the Pearl River Estuary, which is about 18 miles (29 km) wide. Covering an area of about 1,500 square miles (3,900 square km) in southeastern Kwangtung province, the delta is a complex network of river branches and channels, divided by islands of alluvial soil and by hills that were once coastal islands. The river contains an abundance of freshwater fish, and the waters of the Pearl River Delta are uti! lized as fishponds. River towns become more frequent in the hi! lly part of the Kwangsi region, where the river is an artery of commerce; towns include Kung-ch'uan, Ch'ien-chiang, Lai-pin, Kuei-p'ing, T'eng-hsien, and Wu-chou. The Hsi River is the great commercial waterway of South China, linking Hong Kong, Canton, Macau, and other delta centres with Wu-chou and the interior. The Hsi River basin contains more than 9,000 miles (14,500 km) of water routes, of which more than 6,800 miles (11,000 km) are in use. Because most of the river branches of the delta are shallow, oceangoing vessels cannot reach Canton but must dock at Huang-pu-chiang (Whampoa), 10 miles (16 km) downstream. river mile

Herons commonly stand with the neck bent in an S shape. They fly with the legs trailing loosely and the he.... heron (

Herons are subdivided into typical herons, night herons, and tiger herons. Best known of the typical herons are the very large, long-legged and long-necked, plain-hued, crested members of the genus Ardea especially the 130-cm (50-inch) great blue heron ( A. The typical herons also include several species of the genus (egrets); the little blue heron, Hydranassa (or Florida ) caerulea, and the Louisiana heron ( H. The black-crowned night heron ( Nycticorax nycticorax ) ranges over the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia; the Nankeen night heron ( N. Another night heron is the boat-billed heron, or boatbill ( Cochlearius cochlearius ), of Central and South America, placed by some authorities in its own family (Cochleariidae). The most primitive herons are the six species of tiger herons (formerly called tiger bitterns), shy, solitary birds with cryptic, often barred, plumage. The lined, or banded, tiger heron ( Tigrisoma lineatum ), 75 cm (30 in.) long, of central and northern S! outh America is a well-known example. heron (

It was called the Rio de Infante by the Portuguese and the Oub (�Fis.... fish great

An irrigation scheme to transfer water from the Orange River basin to the Great Fish River basin was implemented in 1980 with the construction of a 51-mile- (82-km-) long water tunnelthe world's longestfrom the Gariep Dam (formerly Hendrik Verwoerd Dam). MLA style: "Great Fish River." APA style: Great Fish River. fish great

The goldfish is naturally greenish-brown or gray. The species, howe.... breed goldfish

A deviant fish may be black, spotted, golden, white, or white with silver; it may have a trilobed tail fin or protruding eyes; or it may lack the normally long dorsal fin. Centuries of selecting out and breeding such abnormal specimens have produced over 125 breeds of goldfish, including the common, pet-shop comet; the veiltail, with a three-lobed, flowing tail; the lionhead, with a swollen hood on the head; and the celestial, with protruding, upward-directed eyes. The goldfish is omnivorous, feeding on plants and small animals. Escaping from park and garden pools, the goldfish has become naturalized in many areas of the eastern United States. breed goldfish

During the Eocene Epoch (57.8 to 36.6 million years ago), gars lived in Europe as well as i.... gar, appli

The eggs are laid in shallows in the spring; the hatchlings grow remarkably fast, feeding from the start on the hatchlings of other fish and even minnows, and soon become such voracious predators that measures are often applied to reduce their numbers. The alligator gar, reaching a length of about 3 m (10 feet), is one of the largest of all freshwater fishes. Gars are edible but are almost never eaten in the central and northern United States. Especially in Europe, the name gar, or garfish, or gar pike, is applied to the ( q.v. APA style: gar. gar, appli

Because of a pleasant climate, level topography, fe.... lake river

Because of a pleasant climate, level topography, fertile soil, and relatively abundant water, the rivers flowing into the lake and the adjacent plains have throughout history been the source of livelihood for various peoples. At El-?Ubeidiya, 2 miles (3 km) south of the lake, lacustrine formations dating from about 400,000 to 500,000 years ago have revealed prehistoric tools and two human fragments, which are among the oldest in the Middle East. In the 1st century the region was rich and populated; the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus wrote of nine cities on the shores of the lake in ancient times, but of these only has survived. Tiberias, on the western shore, was one of the four Jewish holy cities, and Kefar Na?um ( ), near the northwestern shore, has preserved one of the most beautiful synagogues of the Galilee region, dating from the 2nd and 3rd centuries . In the mid-eastern sections, the cliffs of the Plateau of Golan overlook the lake; the plateau reappears again in ! the southeast, becoming larger as it approaches the valley of the Yarmuk River, a tributary that has its confluence with the Jordan a few miles to the south of the lake. Also to the south, the Plain of al-Ghawr begins, but the Sea of Galilee is separated from it by a narrow ridge through which the Jordan River flows. During the last pluvial period, about 20,000 years ago, a great lake, called the Lake of Lisan, covered the region. In the rivers associated with the lake and at the bottom of the lake itself are many mineral deposits. The lake's fish life has an affinity with that of the eastern African lakes. In the 1960s the Sea of Galilee became the starting point of the National Water Carrier (also called Kinneret-Negev Conduit), a canal that conveys water from the Jordan River to Israel's densely populated coastal region, as well as south to the Negev Desert. lake river

The architecture of the walled complex adheres rigidly to traditional spatial principles. The o.... hall gate

Among the more notable landmarks are the Meridian Gate (Wu men), the Hall of Supreme Harmony (T'ai-ho tien), and the Imperial Garden (Yu-hua yuan). The Meridian Gate is the imposing formal entrance to the southern side of the Forbidden City. The gate is also one of the tallest buildings of the complex, standing 125 feet (38 metres) high at its roof ridge. North of the Gate of Supreme Harmony lies the heart of the Forbidden City, where the three main halls stand atop a three-tiered marble terrace overlooking an immense plaza. To the north, on the same triple terrace, stand the Hall of Central Harmony (Chung-ho tien) and the Hall of Preserving Harmony (Pao-ho tien), also loci of government functions. Adjacent to these palaces, at the northernmost limit of the Forbidden City, is the 3-acre (1.2-hectare) Imperial Garden, the organic design of which seems to depart from the rigid symmetry of the rest of the compound. In its centre stands the Hall of Imperial Peace (Ch'in-an tien)! , a temple where the emperor would retreat for contemplation.

The Everglades occupies a shallow limestone-floored basin that slopes imperceptibly.... bird wade

Mangroves also serve as nurseries and as feeding grounds for wading birds in tidal areas where fresh and salt water combine. The marsh provides habitat for more than 350 bird species. There are wading birds such as egrets, herons, roseate spoonbills, and ibis; shore and water birds such as terns, plovers, rails, and sandpipers; birds of prey including owls, hawks, and osprey; and a wide variety of songbirds. The population of wading birds in the Everglades has fallen drastically since the mid-20th century.fish links

The name El Niño was originally used during the 19th century by the fishermen of northern P.... ni el

The name El Ni as originally used during the 19th century by the fishermen of northern Peru in reference to the annual flow of warm equatorial waters southward around Christmas time. The timing and intensity of El Ni vents vary widely. El Ni nd the Southern Oscillation appear to be the oceanic and atmospheric components of a single large-scale, coupled interactionthe El Ni outhern Oscillation (ENSO). During the warm phase of ENSO, the South Pacific trade-wind system undergoes a change of state, or seesaw, in which the westward-blowing trades weaken along the equator as the normally high pressure in the eastern South Pacific decreases and the low pressure over northern Australia and Indonesia rises. The pressure change and diminished trade winds cause warm surface water to move eastward along the equator from the western Pacific, while the warm surface layer in the east becomes thicker. Additionally, strong El Ni vents are associated with droughts in Indonesia, Australia, and! northeastern South America and with altered patterns of tropical storms in the tropical belt. During the stronger El Ni pisodes, the atmospheric teleconnections are extensive enough to cause unusually severe winter weather at the higher latitudes of North and South America.fish links

Ea, the Akkadian counterpart of Enki, was the god of r.... ritual ea'

Ea, the Akkadian counterpart of Enki, was the god of ritual purification: ritual cleansing waters were called Ea's water. r to the king, Ea was a wise god although not a forceful one. In Akkadian myth, as Ea's character evolves, he appears frequently as a clever mediator who could be devious and cunning.

Corydalus cornutus is a large insect with a wingspread of about 13 cm (5 inches). The jaws (or .... larva matur

Females lay up to about 3,000 eggs in whitish clusters near streams; after the eggs hatch, the young larvae crawl to the water and mature there in two or three years. The maturing larvae, large (sometimes 8 cm long) and blackish in colour, live beneath stones in rapidly flowing streams. These larvae have strong biting mouthparts and are ferocious predators on other aquatic insects and small invertebrates. Mature larvae migrate from their freshwater habitat to wet soil, moss, or decaying vegetation near the water to form pupal cells from which adults emerge.

Chemically, cod-liver oil is a typical . It is high in omega-3 , a valuable aspect in nutrition but one th.... acid, produc

Cod-liver oil is a mixture of glycerides of many fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid, gadoleic acid, and palmitoleic acid. The chief countries producing cod-liver oil are Norway, Japan, Iceland, and Poland. Fresh cod livers are digested by steam, water, acid, or alkali to produce the oil.

Buryatia consists of a complex of mountain ranges, plateaus, basins, and .... river selenga

Buryatia consists of a complex of mountain ranges, plateaus, basins, and river valleys. It includes the Sayan Mountains in the panhandle, which rise to over 10,000 feet (3,000 metres); the Khamar-Daban Range, which rises from the southern end of Lake Baikal; the Barguzin Mountains, which parallel the lake's northeastern shore; the Vitim Plateau in the northeast; and the Yablonovo Range on the republic's eastern border. The chief river systems are the Selenga, a navigable river flowing into Lake Baikal, and the Vitim, a northward-flowing tributary of the Lena River. Thick, poorly drained forests, or taiga, mostly of conifers, cover 70 percent of Buryatia's area, while in the intermontane basins and valleys, steppe vegetation prevails. About 60 percent of the population lives in urban areas, with the greatest concentration in the Selenga River basin, in which , the capital and largest city, is located. The chief area of cultivation is the broad Selenga River valley, in which s! pring wheat, potatoes, vegetables, and sugar beets are grown. Water transport, mainly along the Selenga and across Lake Baikal, is well developed.

Photosynthesis does not occur in bathyal waters as a rule, the zone being characteris.... bathyal condit

Salinities typically range between 34 and 36 parts per thousand in the bathyal zone, varying with local conditions of water-mass formation. Bathyal fauna reflect the generally narrow ranges of temperature and salinity that occur. At bathyal depths, currents are exceedingly slow, and in many areas bathyal waters deeper than 1,000 m (3,280 feet) are essentially stagnant, resulting in low oxygen concentrations and impoverished faunal levels. Although upwelling and countercurrents may create favourable conditions for fish and other aquatic life in some middle- to high-latitude areas, the number of individuals in a bathyal faunal assemblage is generally only about half as large as in shallow-water fauna. It has been suggested that this condition is caused by the constancy of the bathyal environmental conditions, especially its temperature. Coarser terrigenous sediments are also brought to the bathyal seafloor by sporadic turbidity currents originating in shallower areas.

MLA style: "barnacle goose." . . Chicago: , . APA style: barnacle goose. ). . 2007.... style: barnacl

MLA style: "barnacle goose." APA style: barnacle goose.

( (Bantu: �Large Water�), ) shallow lake with extensive swa.... water mile

The lake, at the triangle's northwest corner, is 45 miles (72 km) long and 24 miles (38 km) wide. The vegetation responsible for the swamps consists of a common water reed, Phragmites communis, growing just above mean water level; a zone of papyrus at water level; and a floating grass, called hippo-grass, in deeper water.

In 1883 employees of discovered a cluster of natural above the Bow River valley, a narrow montane ecoregion that .... park nation

Two years later, the region became Canada's first national park under the Rocky Mountains Park Act. In 1930 the park was extended to 2,585 square miles (6,695 square km) and given its present name, and in 1949 the park was slightly reduced in size. With more than 4 million visitors each year, Banff is Canada's most popular national park. MLA style: "Banff National Park." APA style: Banff National Park.

With a maximum depth of only about 46 feet (14 m), the Azov is the world's shallowe.... sea gulf

Vast quantities of silt are brought down by the Don and Kuban rivers, so that in the Taganrog Gulf in the northeast, the sea's depth is 3 feet (1 m) or less. The discharge of these rivers ensures that the sea's waters are low in salinity, being almost fresh in the Taganrog Gulf. The Sea of Azov's north, east, and west shorelines are low and have long sandspits and shallow gulfs and lagoons in various stages of silting up. The Sea of Azov is rich in marine life as a result of its shallowness, the excellent mixing and even warming of the water, and the input of great quantities of nutrient material by the rivers. The Sea of Azov handles much freight and passenger traffic, although the progress of heavy oceangoing craft is hampered by shallowness at some points. MLA style: "Azov, Sea of."

Archer fishes live in both freshwater and saltwater, usually remaining near the surface. One....

Archer fishes live in both freshwater and saltwater, usually remaining near the surface. MLA style: "archer fish." APA style: archer fish.

The Aleuts hunted seals, sea otters, whales, sea lions....

The Aleuts hunted seals, sea otters, whales, sea lions, sometimes walrus, and, in some areas, caribou and bears. Ancient Aleut villages were situated on the seashore near fresh water, with a good landing for boats and in a position safe from surprise attack from other Aleuts or neighbouring groups. After the arrival of the Russians in the 18th and 19th centuries, internal warfare ceased, and villages were located at river mouths, where salmon were taken in the annual salmon runs. When the Russians first arrived, there were about 25,000 Aleuts, but by the end of the 20th century they numbered only about 2,000.

also called Agar-agar, gelatin-like product made primarily from the Ge lidium and Gracilaria (red seaweeds). Best know....

also called Agar-agar, gelatin-like product made primarily from the Ge lidium and Gracilaria (red seaweeds). Best known as a solidifying component of bacteriological culture media, it is used also in canning meat, fish, and poultry; in cosmetics, medicines, and dentistry; as a clarifying agent in brewing and wine making; as a thickening agent in ice cream, pastries, desserts, and salad dressings; and as a wire-drawing lubricant. Agar is isolated from the algae as an amorphous and translucent product sold as powder, flakes, or bricks. It is produced chiefly in Japan, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and Russia. Although agar is insoluble in cold water, it absorbs as much as 20 times its own weight. It dissolves readily in boiling water; a dilute solution is still liquid at 42� C (108� F) but solidifies at 37� C into a firm gel. In the natural state, agar occurs as a complex cell-wall constituent containing a complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) with sulfate an! d calcium.

The dominant relief feature of the gulf's terrain is the Sheba Ridge, an extension of the Indian Ocea....

The dominant relief feature of the gulf's terrain is the Sheba Ridge, an extension of the Indian Ocean ridge system, which extends along the middle of the gulf. The rough topography of the ridge includes a well-defined median valley that is continually offset by faults running approximately northeast to southwest. The largest of these faults forms the Alula-Fartak Trench, in which is found the gulf's maximum recorded depth of 17,586 feet (5,360 m). The Sheba Ridge is flanked on both sides by sediment-filled basins that reach depths of 13,000 feet (3,900 m) at the mouth of the gulf. To the west, the ridge gives way to a relatively shallow east�west-trending valley known as the Tadjoura Trench. The main factor in the gulf's geologic formation is the spreading of the seafloor away from the Sheba Ridge axis. The African continent and the Arabian Peninsula split initially along their present margins either in the late Eocene epoch (57.8 to 36.6 million years ago) or else in the ! Oligocene epoch (36.6 to 23.7 million years ago). They have since drifted apart in a direction parallel to the gulf's faults. The intensive exchange of water between the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and the Arabian Sea, as well as strong evaporation and monsoon (rain-bearing) winds that constitute part of the airflow, all assist in the formation of a complex water structure. The surface layer is highly saline, and eddies complicate its flow pattern. Surface temperatures of the gulf's waters are generally between 77� and 88� F (25� and 31� C). The gulf's marine life is rich in both the quantity and the variety of its species. Seasonally variable upwelling of waters in the coastal zone provides the surface layer with a considerable supply of nutrient elements, which produce an abundant growth of plankton. Sardines and mackerel abound in these areas of upwelling. The main open-sea fish are dolphin, tuna, billfish, and sharks. Whales are frequently sighted. The gulf provides a br! eeding ground for sea turtles, and rock lobster are abundant. ! Despite a lack of large-scale commercial fishing facilities, the coastline supports many isolated fishing towns and villages. Local fishing takes place close to the shore; sardines, tuna, kingfish, and mackerel make up the bulk of the annual catches. Crayfish and sharks are also fished locally, while survey ships have occasionally pulled in exceptional catches of fish. The morphology, geology, and geophysics of the gulf and its surrounding areas are comprehensively covered in various articles in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A, vol. 267, no. 1181 (1970), which also contains up-to-date bathymetric and magnetic charts of the gulf itself. The hydrological structure of the water mass is described by V.A. Khimitsa in Oceanology, 8:318�322 (1968); while its physical and chemical properties are covered in the University of California, Institute of Marine Resources Report, I.M.R. Reference 67�12 (1967).

The territorial legislature founded the Agricultural College of Utah as a land-grant college in 1888 under t....

The territorial legislature founded the Agricultural College of Utah as a land-grant college in 1888 under the provisions of the Morrill Act of 1862. Classes commenced in 1890. Among the research units, the Agricultural Experiment Station was established in 1888, the Engineering Experiment Station in 1918, the Fish and Wildlife Research Unit in 1935, and the Biotechnology Center in 1986. The college, once known as Utah State Agricultural College, was renamed Utah State University in 1957. MLA style: "Utah State University." . . Chicago: , . APA style: Utah State University. ). . 2007 . Chicago: . style: "Utah State University." from 2007 . ).

( Hydrilla verticillata ), submerged aquatic plant t

( Hydrilla verticillata ), submerged aquatic plant that is the sole member of the genus Hydrilla in the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharitaceae). Hydrilla is native to central Europe, Asia, and Australia and was brought to North America in the 1950s, where it has become a troublesome aquatic weed in lakes, streams, and reservoirs. It has long, slender stems that grow to several feet in length and form tangled carpets of vegetation beneath the water surface. Each stem bears 3 to 8 lance-shaped or oblong leaves that are 0.6�0.8 cm (0.25�0.3 inch) long and are borne in whorls. The flowers are tiny, white, and unisexual. Hydrilla is a fast-growing, hardy weed that has invaded numerous bodies of freshwater in the southern United States, destroying fish populations and clogging the intake valves of power plants and water installations.